Abstract
We show the existence of complete, asymptotically flat Cauchy initial data for the vacuum Einstein field equations, free of trapped surfaces, whose future development must admit a trapped surface. Moreover, the datum is exactly a constant time slice in Minkowski space-time inside and exactly a constant time slice in Kerr space-time outside.
The proof makes use of the full strength of Christodoulou’s work on the dynamical formation of black holes and Corvino-Schoen’s work on the construction of initial data sets.
-
[Ch-91]
D. Christodoulou, "The formation of black holes and singularities in spherically symmetric gravitational collapse," Comm. Pure Appl. Math., vol. 44, iss. 3, pp. 339-373, 1991.
@article{Ch-91, mrkey = {1090436},
author = {Christodoulou, Demetrios},
title = {The formation of black holes and singularities in spherically symmetric gravitational collapse},
journal = {Comm. Pure Appl. Math.},
fjournal = {Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics},
volume = {44},
year = {1991},
number = {3},
pages = {339--373},
issn = {0010-3640},
coden = {CPAMA},
mrclass = {83C57 (53C80 58G16 83C75)},
mrnumber = {1090436},
mrreviewer = {Robert Bartnik},
doi = {10.1002/cpa.3160440305},
zblnumber = {0728.53061},
} -
[Chr]
D. Christodoulou, The Formation of Black Holes in General Relativity, Zürich: European Mathematical Society (EMS), 2009.
@book{Chr, mrkey = {2488976},
author = {Christodoulou, Demetrios},
title = {The Formation of Black Holes in General Relativity},
series = {EMS Monogr. Math.},
publisher = {European Mathematical Society (EMS)},
address = {Zürich},
year = {2009},
pages = {x+589},
isbn = {978-3-03719-068-5},
mrclass = {83C05 (35L70 35Q75 83C75)},
mrnumber = {2488976},
mrreviewer = {Piotr T. Chru{\'s}ciel},
doi = {10.4171/068},
zblnumber = {1197.83004},
} -
[Ch-K] D. Christodoulou and S. Klainerman, The Global Nonlinear Stability of the Minkowski Space, Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 1993, vol. 41.
@book{Ch-K, mrkey = {1316662},
author = {Christodoulou, Demetrios and Klainerman, Sergiu},
title = {The Global Nonlinear Stability of the {M}inkowski Space},
series = {Princeton Mathematical Series},
volume = {41},
publisher = {Princeton Univ. Press},
address = {Princeton, NJ},
year = {1993},
pages = {x+514},
isbn = {0-691-08777-6},
mrclass = {83C05 (35Q75 58G16 83C35)},
mrnumber = {1316662},
mrreviewer = {Alan D. Rendall},
zblnumber = {0827.53055},
} -
[C]
J. Corvino, "Scalar curvature deformation and a gluing construction for the Einstein constraint equations," Comm. Math. Phys., vol. 214, iss. 1, pp. 137-189, 2000.
@article{C, mrkey = {1794269},
author = {Corvino, Justin},
title = {Scalar curvature deformation and a gluing construction for the {E}instein constraint equations},
journal = {Comm. Math. Phys.},
fjournal = {Communications in Mathematical Physics},
volume = {214},
year = {2000},
number = {1},
pages = {137--189},
issn = {0010-3616},
coden = {CMPHAY},
mrclass = {53C21 (35Q75 83C05)},
mrnumber = {1794269},
mrreviewer = {Alan D. Rendall},
doi = {10.1007/PL00005533},
zblnumber = {1031.53064},
} -
[C-S]
J. Corvino and R. M. Schoen, "On the asymptotics for the vacuum Einstein constraint equations," J. Differential Geom., vol. 73, iss. 2, pp. 185-217, 2006.
@article{C-S, mrkey = {2225517},
author = {Corvino, Justin and Schoen, Richard M.},
title = {On the asymptotics for the vacuum {E}instein constraint equations},
journal = {J. Differential Geom.},
fjournal = {Journal of Differential Geometry},
volume = {73},
year = {2006},
number = {2},
pages = {185--217},
issn = {0022-040X},
coden = {JDGEAS},
mrclass = {58J45 (35Q75 83C05)},
mrnumber = {2225517},
mrreviewer = {Alan D. Rendall},
url = {http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.jdg/1146169910},
zblnumber = {1122.58016},
} -
[K-R-04]
S. Klainerman and I. Rodnianski, "Ricci defects of microlocalized Einstein metrics," J. Hyperbolic Differ. Equ., vol. 1, iss. 1, pp. 85-113, 2004.
@article{K-R-04, mrkey = {2052472},
author = {Klainerman, Sergiu and Rodnianski, Igor},
title = {Ricci defects of microlocalized {E}instein metrics},
journal = {J. Hyperbolic Differ. Equ.},
fjournal = {Journal of Hyperbolic Differential Equations},
volume = {1},
year = {2004},
number = {1},
pages = {85--113},
issn = {0219-8916},
mrclass = {58J45 (35A27 35Q75 83C05)},
mrnumber = {2052472},
mrreviewer = {Terence C. Tao},
doi = {10.1142/S0219891604000056},
zblnumber = {1063.53051},
} -
[K-R-05]
S. Klainerman and I. Rodnianski, "Causal geometry of Einstein-vacuum spacetimes with finite curvature flux," Invent. Math., vol. 159, iss. 3, pp. 437-529, 2005.
@article{K-R-05, mrkey = {2125732},
author = {Klainerman, Sergiu and Rodnianski, Igor},
title = {Causal geometry of {E}instein-vacuum spacetimes with finite curvature flux},
journal = {Invent. Math.},
fjournal = {Inventiones Mathematicae},
volume = {159},
year = {2005},
number = {3},
pages = {437--529},
issn = {0020-9910},
coden = {INVMBH},
mrclass = {58J45 (35B30 35Q75 83C05)},
mrnumber = {2125732},
mrreviewer = {Lars {\AA}ke Andersson},
doi = {10.1007/s00222-004-0365-4},
zblnumber = {1136.58018},
} -
[K-R-05-Rough]
S. Klainerman and I. Rodnianski, "Rough solutions of the Einstein-vacuum equations," Ann. of Math., vol. 161, iss. 3, pp. 1143-1193, 2005.
@article{K-R-05-Rough, mrkey = {2180400},
author = {Klainerman, Sergiu and Rodnianski, Igor},
title = {Rough solutions of the {E}instein-vacuum equations},
journal = {Ann. of Math.},
fjournal = {Annals of Mathematics. Second Series},
volume = {161},
year = {2005},
number = {3},
pages = {1143--1193},
issn = {0003-486X},
coden = {ANMAAH},
mrclass = {58J45 (35Q75)},
mrnumber = {2180400},
mrreviewer = {Lars {\AA}ke Andersson},
doi = {10.4007/annals.2005.161.1143},
zblnumber = {1089.83006},
} -
[K-R-05-Microlocolized-Rough]
S. Klainerman and I. Rodnianski, "The causal structure of microlocalized rough Einstein metrics," Ann. of Math., vol. 161, iss. 3, pp. 1195-1243, 2005.
@article{K-R-05-Microlocolized-Rough, mrkey = {2180401},
author = {Klainerman, Sergiu and Rodnianski, Igor},
title = {The causal structure of microlocalized rough {E}instein metrics},
journal = {Ann. of Math.},
fjournal = {Annals of Mathematics. Second Series},
volume = {161},
year = {2005},
number = {3},
pages = {1195--1243},
issn = {0003-486X},
coden = {ANMAAH},
mrclass = {58J45 (35Q75 53C25)},
mrnumber = {2180401},
mrreviewer = {Lars {\AA}ke Andersson},
doi = {10.4007/annals.2005.161.1195},
zblnumber = {1089.83007},
} -
[K-R-Sharp]
S. Klainerman and I. Rodnianski, "Sharp trace theorems for null hypersurfaces on Einstein metrics with finite curvature flux," Geom. Funct. Anal., vol. 16, iss. 1, pp. 164-229, 2006.
@article{K-R-Sharp, mrkey = {2221255},
author = {Klainerman, S. and Rodnianski, I.},
title = {Sharp trace theorems for null hypersurfaces on {E}instein metrics with finite curvature flux},
journal = {Geom. Funct. Anal.},
fjournal = {Geometric and Functional Analysis},
volume = {16},
year = {2006},
number = {1},
pages = {164--229},
issn = {1016-443X},
coden = {GFANFB},
mrclass = {58J45 (35J15 42B25 46E35 83C05)},
mrnumber = {2221255},
mrreviewer = {Simone Calogero},
doi = {10.1007/s00039-006-0557-8},
zblnumber = {1206.35081},
} -
[K-R-09]
S. Klainerman and I. Rodnianski, "On the formation of trapped surfaces," Acta Math., vol. 208, iss. 2, pp. 211-333, 2012.
@article{K-R-09, mrkey = {2931382},
author = {Klainerman, Sergiu and Rodnianski, Igor},
title = {On the formation of trapped surfaces},
journal = {Acta Math.},
fjournal = {Acta Mathematica},
volume = {208},
year = {2012},
number = {2},
pages = {211--333},
issn = {0001-5962},
coden = {ACMAA8},
mrclass = {83C05 (58J47 83C75)},
mrnumber = {2931382},
mrreviewer = {Fr{é}d{é}ric Robert},
doi = {10.1007/s11511-012-0077-3},
zblnumber = {1246.83028},
} -
[Luk]
J. Luk, "On the local existence for the characteristic initial value problem in general relativity," Int. Math. Res. Not., vol. 2012, iss. 20, p. no. 20, 4625-4678.
@article{Luk, mrkey = {2989616},
author = {Luk, Jonathan},
title = {On the local existence for the characteristic initial value problem in general relativity},
journal = {Int. Math. Res. Not.},
fjournal = {International Mathematics Research Notices. IMRN},
sortyear = {2012},
number = {20},
pages = {no.~20, 4625--4678},
issn = {1073-7928},
mrclass = {83C05 (35Q75 58J32 58J45 58J47)},
mrnumber = {2989616},
mrreviewer = {Marcel Dossa},
volume = {2012},
zblnumber = {1262.83011},
doi = {10.1093/imrn/rnr201},
} -
[Ren]
A. D. Rendall, "Reduction of the characteristic initial value problem to the Cauchy problem and its applications to the Einstein equations," Proc. Roy. Soc. London Ser. A, vol. 427, iss. 1872, pp. 221-239, 1990.
@article{Ren, mrkey = {1032984},
author = {Rendall, A. D.},
title = {Reduction of the characteristic initial value problem to the {C}auchy problem and its applications to the {E}instein equations},
journal = {Proc. Roy. Soc. London Ser. A},
fjournal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society. London. Series A. Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences},
volume = {427},
year = {1990},
number = {1872},
pages = {221--239},
issn = {0962-8444},
coden = {PRLAAZ},
mrclass = {83C05 (58D25 58D30)},
mrnumber = {1032984},
mrreviewer = {Philippe-A. Dionne},
zblnumber = {0701.35149},
doi = {10.1098/rspa.1990.0009},
} -
[R-T]
M. Reiterer and E. Trubowitz, "Strongly focused gravitational waves," Comm. Math. Phys., vol. 307, iss. 2, pp. 275-313, 2011.
@article{R-T, mrkey = {2837117},
author = {Reiterer, Michael and Trubowitz, Eugene},
title = {Strongly focused gravitational waves},
journal = {Comm. Math. Phys.},
fjournal = {Communications in Mathematical Physics},
volume = {307},
year = {2011},
number = {2},
pages = {275--313},
issn = {0010-3616},
coden = {CMPHAY},
mrclass = {53C80 (83C35 83C57)},
mrnumber = {2837117},
mrreviewer = {Willie W. Wong},
doi = {10.1007/s00220-011-1314-x},
zblnumber = {1229.83027},
} -
[S-Y]
R. Schoen and S. T. Yau, "The existence of a black hole due to condensation of matter," Comm. Math. Phys., vol. 90, iss. 4, pp. 575-579, 1983.
@article{S-Y, mrkey = {0719436},
author = {Schoen, Richard and Yau, S. T.},
title = {The existence of a black hole due to condensation of matter},
journal = {Comm. Math. Phys.},
fjournal = {Communications in Mathematical Physics},
volume = {90},
year = {1983},
number = {4},
pages = {575--579},
issn = {0010-3616},
coden = {CMPHAY},
mrclass = {83C05 (53C80 58G25)},
mrnumber = {0719436},
mrreviewer = {J. L. Kazdan},
doi = {10.1007/BF01216187},
zblnumber = {0541.53054},
} -
[Y] S. T. Yau, "Geometry of three manifolds and existence of black hole due to boundary effect," Adv. Theor. Math. Phys., vol. 5, iss. 4, pp. 755-767, 2001.
@article{Y, mrkey = {1926294},
author = {Yau, Shing Tung},
title = {Geometry of three manifolds and existence of black hole due to boundary effect},
journal = {Adv. Theor. Math. Phys.},
fjournal = {Advances in Theoretical and Mathematical Physics},
volume = {5},
year = {2001},
number = {4},
pages = {755--767},
issn = {1095-0761},
mrclass = {53C21 (58E50 83C57)},
mrnumber = {1926294},
mrreviewer = {Yuguang Shi},
zblnumber = {1019.53016},
}