# The Erdős–Szeméredi problem on sum set and product set

### Abstract

The basic theme of this paper is the fact that if $A$ is a finite set of integers, then the sum and product sets cannot both be small. A precise formulation of this fact is Conjecture 1 below due to Erdős-Szemerédi [E-S]. (see also [El], [T], and [K-T] for related aspects.) Only much weaker results or very special cases of this conjecture are presently known. One approach consists of assuming the sum set $A + A$ small and then deriving that the product set $AA$ is large (using Freiman’s structure theorem) (cf. [N-T], [Na3]). We follow the reverse route and prove that if $|AA| < c|A|$, then $|A+A| > c^\prime |A|^2$ (see Theorem 1). A quantitative version of this phenomenon combined with the Plünnecke type of inequality (due to Ruzsa) permit us to settle completely a related conjecture in [E-S] on the growth in $k$. If $g(k) \equiv \text{min}\{|A[1]| + |A\{1\}|\}$ over all sets $A\subset \Bbb Z$ of cardinality $|A| = k$ and where $A[1]$ (respectively, $A\{1\}$) refers to the simple sum (resp., product) of elements of $A$. (See (0.6), (0.7).) It was conjectured in [E-S] that $g(k)$ grows faster than any power of $k$ for $k\rightarrow\infty$. We will prove here that $\ln g(k)\sim\frac{(\ln k)^2}{\ln \ln k}$ (see Theorem 2) which is the main result of this paper.

## Authors

Mei-Chu Chang

Department of Mathematics, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, United States